Media law
Metikoš, L.
Column: De procedurele wending van de DSA: het recht op menselijke tussenkomst in content moderation Journal Article
In: Mediaforum, iss. Studenteneditie, pp. 22, 2023.
@article{nokey,
title = {Column: De procedurele wending van de DSA: het recht op menselijke tussenkomst in content moderation},
author = {Metiko\v{s}, L.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/de-procedurele-wending-van-de-dsa/},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-08-08},
journal = {Mediaforum},
issue = {Studenteneditie},
pages = {22},
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Seipp, T.; Fahy, R.; Drunen, M. van
Defining the ‘media’ in Europe: pitfalls of the proposed European Media Freedom Act Journal Article
In: Journal of Media Law, 2023.
@article{nokey,
title = {Defining the ‘media’ in Europe: pitfalls of the proposed European Media Freedom Act},
author = {Seipp, T. and Fahy, R. and Drunen, M. van},
doi = {10.1080/17577632.2023.2240998},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-07-31},
journal = {Journal of Media Law},
abstract = {This comment examines the definition of ‘media’ under the recently-proposed European Media Freedom Act (EMFA), and highlights its potential flaws, while pointing to possible considerations for future improvement. Notably, the narrow service-based approach to defining ‘media’ under Article 2 EMFA appears to be in conflict with the functional approach to defining media under European and international human rights law. Additionally, a lack of transparency and safeguards regarding how the criteria of ‘editorial independence’ is to be assessed, especially under Article 17 EMFA, is problematic. The risk that such decisions are made based on commercial and/or political considerations rather than established standards of media freedom must be avoided, especially when platforms are to assess editorial independence.},
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This comment examines the definition of ‘media’ under the recently-proposed European Media Freedom Act (EMFA), and highlights its potential flaws, while pointing to possible considerations for future improvement. Notably, the narrow service-based approach to defining ‘media’ under Article 2 EMFA appears to be in conflict with the functional approach to defining media under European and international human rights law. Additionally, a lack of transparency and safeguards regarding how the criteria of ‘editorial independence’ is to be assessed, especially under Article 17 EMFA, is problematic. The risk that such decisions are made based on commercial and/or political considerations rather than established standards of media freedom must be avoided, especially when platforms are to assess editorial independence.
Seipp, T.
Media Concentration Law: Gaps and Promises in the Digital Age Journal Article
In: Media and Communication, vol. 11, iss. 2, pp. 392-405, 2023.
@article{nokey,
title = {Media Concentration Law: Gaps and Promises in the Digital Age},
author = {Seipp, T.},
doi = {10.17645/mac.v11i2.6393},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-06-30},
urldate = {2023-06-30},
journal = {Media and Communication},
volume = {11},
issue = {2},
pages = {392-405},
abstract = {Power concentrations are increasing in today’s media landscape. Reasons for this include increasing structural and technological dependences on digital platform companies, as well as shifts in opinion power and control over news production, distribution, and consumption. Digital opinion power and platformised media markets have prompted the need for a re-evaluation of the current approach. This article critically revisits and analyses media concentration rules. To this end, I employ a normative conceptual framework that examines ”opinion power in the platform world” at three distinct levels (individual citizen, institutional newsroom, and media ecosystem). At each level, I identify the existing legal tools and gaps in controlling power and concentration in the digital age. Based on that, I offer a unifying theoretical framework for a “digital media concentration law,” along with core concepts and guiding principles. I highlight policy goals and fields that are outside the traditional scope yet are relevant for addressing issues relating to the digital age. Additionally, the emerging European Union regulatory framework\textemdashspecifically the Digital Services Act, the Digital Markets Act, and the European Media Freedom Act\textemdashreflects an evolving approach regarding platforms and media concentration. On a final note, the analysis draws from the mapping and evaluation results of a Europe-wide study on media pluralism and diversity online, which examined (national) media concentration rules.},
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Power concentrations are increasing in today’s media landscape. Reasons for this include increasing structural and technological dependences on digital platform companies, as well as shifts in opinion power and control over news production, distribution, and consumption. Digital opinion power and platformised media markets have prompted the need for a re-evaluation of the current approach. This article critically revisits and analyses media concentration rules. To this end, I employ a normative conceptual framework that examines ”opinion power in the platform world” at three distinct levels (individual citizen, institutional newsroom, and media ecosystem). At each level, I identify the existing legal tools and gaps in controlling power and concentration in the digital age. Based on that, I offer a unifying theoretical framework for a “digital media concentration law,” along with core concepts and guiding principles. I highlight policy goals and fields that are outside the traditional scope yet are relevant for addressing issues relating to the digital age. Additionally, the emerging European Union regulatory framework—specifically the Digital Services Act, the Digital Markets Act, and the European Media Freedom Act—reflects an evolving approach regarding platforms and media concentration. On a final note, the analysis draws from the mapping and evaluation results of a Europe-wide study on media pluralism and diversity online, which examined (national) media concentration rules.
Seipp, T.
Dealing with opinion power and media concentration in the platform era Online
2023.
@online{nokey,
title = {Dealing with opinion power and media concentration in the platform era},
author = {Seipp, T.},
url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2023/05/15/dealing-with-opinion-power-and-media-concentration-in-the-platform-era/},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-06-15},
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Quintais, J.; Diakopoulos, N.
A Primer and FAQ on Copyright Law and Generative AI for News Media Online
2023.
@online{nokey,
title = {A Primer and FAQ on Copyright Law and Generative AI for News Media},
author = {Quintais, J. and Diakopoulos, N.},
url = {https://generative-ai-newsroom.com/a-primer-and-faq-on-copyright-law-and-generative-ai-for-news-media-f1349f514883},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-04-26},
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Hins, A.
Ongehoord Nederland! Underdog en waakhond. Journal Article
In: Ars Aequi, vol. 72, pp. 114-117, 2023, (Opinie).
@article{nokey,
title = {Ongehoord Nederland! Underdog en waakhond.},
author = {Hins, A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/aa_wouter-hins-ongehoord-nederland-manuscript/
},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-02-23},
urldate = {2023-02-23},
journal = {Ars Aequi},
volume = {72},
pages = {114-117},
abstract = {Hoeveel ruimte moet er binnen de publieke omroep blijven voor een omroepvereniging met een radicaal andere visie op goede journalistiek? Enerzijds is het de taak van de Raad van Bestuur van de NPO ervoor te waken dat alle publieke media-instellingen betrouwbaar, zorgvuldig en professioneel handelen. Daar staat tegenover dat Nederland een lange traditie heeft van ideologisch geprofileerde omroepen die elk hun eigen visie op de waarheid mochten verkondigen.},
note = {Opinie},
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Hoeveel ruimte moet er binnen de publieke omroep blijven voor een omroepvereniging met een radicaal andere visie op goede journalistiek? Enerzijds is het de taak van de Raad van Bestuur van de NPO ervoor te waken dat alle publieke media-instellingen betrouwbaar, zorgvuldig en professioneel handelen. Daar staat tegenover dat Nederland een lange traditie heeft van ideologisch geprofileerde omroepen die elk hun eigen visie op de waarheid mochten verkondigen.
Dodds, T.; Vreese, C. de; Helberger, N.; Resendez, V.; Seipp, T.
Popularity-driven Metrics: Audience Analytics and Shifting Opinion Power to Digital Platforms Journal Article
In: Journalism Studies, 2023.
@article{nokey,
title = {Popularity-driven Metrics: Audience Analytics and Shifting Opinion Power to Digital Platforms},
author = {Dodds, T. and Vreese, C. de and Helberger, N. and Resendez, V. and Seipp, T.},
doi = {10.1080/1461670X.2023.2167104},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-06},
urldate = {2023-01-06},
journal = {Journalism Studies},
abstract = {As digital technologies have made their way into news production, allowing news organizations to measure audience behaviors and engagement in real-time, click-based and editorial goals have become increasingly intertwined. Ongoing developments in algorithmic technologies allow editors to bring their audience into the newsroom using specialized tools such as Chartbeat or Google Analytics. This article examines how these technologies have affected the composition of the audience and their power to influence news-making processes inside two Chilean newsrooms. Drawing on several months of newsroom ethnography, we identify how the pursuit of “clickable news” impacts editorial processes and journalistic priorities by changing the datafied audience opinion power behind news production. Shifts in opinion power, loss of control, and increased platform dependency may contribute to a concentrated media landscape. Our findings show that opinion power has shifted to a datafied version of the audience, raising new questions about platform dependency and editorial autonomy in media organizations. These results carry significant implications for understanding the chase for traffic in current multiplatform newsrooms and how this phenomenon impacts news production.},
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As digital technologies have made their way into news production, allowing news organizations to measure audience behaviors and engagement in real-time, click-based and editorial goals have become increasingly intertwined. Ongoing developments in algorithmic technologies allow editors to bring their audience into the newsroom using specialized tools such as Chartbeat or Google Analytics. This article examines how these technologies have affected the composition of the audience and their power to influence news-making processes inside two Chilean newsrooms. Drawing on several months of newsroom ethnography, we identify how the pursuit of “clickable news” impacts editorial processes and journalistic priorities by changing the datafied audience opinion power behind news production. Shifts in opinion power, loss of control, and increased platform dependency may contribute to a concentrated media landscape. Our findings show that opinion power has shifted to a datafied version of the audience, raising new questions about platform dependency and editorial autonomy in media organizations. These results carry significant implications for understanding the chase for traffic in current multiplatform newsrooms and how this phenomenon impacts news production.
Seipp, T.; Helberger, N.; Vreese, C.H. de; Ausloos, J.
Dealing with Opinion Power in the Platform World: Why We Really Have to Rethink Media Concentration Law Journal Article
In: Digital Journalism, 2023.
@article{nokey,
title = {Dealing with Opinion Power in the Platform World: Why We Really Have to Rethink Media Concentration Law},
author = {Seipp, T. and Helberger, N. and Vreese, C.H. de and Ausloos, J.},
doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2161924},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-03},
urldate = {2023-01-03},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
abstract = {The platformised news environment affects audiences, challenges the news media’s role, and transforms the media ecosystem. Digital platform companies influence opinion formation and hence wield “opinion power,” a normatively and constitutionally rooted notion that captures the core of media power in democracy and substantiates why that power must be distributed. Media concentration law is the traditional tool to prevent predominant opinion power from emerging but is, in its current form, not applicable to the platform context. We demonstrate how the nature of opinion power is changing and shifting from news media to platforms and distinguish three levels of opinion power: (1) the individual citizen, (2) the institutional newsroom and (3) the media ecosystem. The reconceptualization at the three levels provides a framework to develop future (non-)regulatory responses that address (1) the shifting influence over individual news consumption and exposure, (2) the changing power dynamics within automated, datafied and platform-dependent newsrooms, and (3) the systemic power of platforms and structural dependencies in the media ecosystem. We demonstrate that as the nature of opinion power is changing, so must the tools of control.},
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The platformised news environment affects audiences, challenges the news media’s role, and transforms the media ecosystem. Digital platform companies influence opinion formation and hence wield “opinion power,” a normatively and constitutionally rooted notion that captures the core of media power in democracy and substantiates why that power must be distributed. Media concentration law is the traditional tool to prevent predominant opinion power from emerging but is, in its current form, not applicable to the platform context. We demonstrate how the nature of opinion power is changing and shifting from news media to platforms and distinguish three levels of opinion power: (1) the individual citizen, (2) the institutional newsroom and (3) the media ecosystem. The reconceptualization at the three levels provides a framework to develop future (non-)regulatory responses that address (1) the shifting influence over individual news consumption and exposure, (2) the changing power dynamics within automated, datafied and platform-dependent newsrooms, and (3) the systemic power of platforms and structural dependencies in the media ecosystem. We demonstrate that as the nature of opinion power is changing, so must the tools of control.
Seipp, T.
Book review: Media Freedom, by Damian Tambini Journal Article
In: Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Book review: Media Freedom, by Damian Tambini},
author = {Seipp, T.},
url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/10776990221143749},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990221143749},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-07},
journal = {Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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Hins, A.
Goed bestuur en integriteit bij de publieke omroep Journal Article
In: Mediaforum, iss. 5, pp. 158-163, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Goed bestuur en integriteit bij de publieke omroep},
author = {Hins, A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/mediaforum_2022_5/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-03},
journal = {Mediaforum},
issue = {5},
pages = {158-163},
abstract = {Volgens artikel 2.3, lid 2, van de Mediawet moet de Raad van Bestuur van de NPO een gedragscode opstellen ter bevordering van goed bestuur en integriteit bij de eigen organisatie, de landelijke publieke media-instellingen en de Ster. Naar aanleiding van enkele incidenten werd dit onderwerp door de Tweede Kamer besproken op 7 juli 2022. De materi\"{e}le verplichtingen en het toezicht op de naleving daarvan lijken een onoverzichtelijke kluwen. Doel van deze bijdrage is een paar hoofdlijnen te onderscheiden en te bezien of de materie beter kan worden geregeld.},
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Volgens artikel 2.3, lid 2, van de Mediawet moet de Raad van Bestuur van de NPO een gedragscode opstellen ter bevordering van goed bestuur en integriteit bij de eigen organisatie, de landelijke publieke media-instellingen en de Ster. Naar aanleiding van enkele incidenten werd dit onderwerp door de Tweede Kamer besproken op 7 juli 2022. De materiële verplichtingen en het toezicht op de naleving daarvan lijken een onoverzichtelijke kluwen. Doel van deze bijdrage is een paar hoofdlijnen te onderscheiden en te bezien of de materie beter kan worden geregeld.
Rucz, M.
SLAPPed by the GDPR: protecting public interest journalism in the face of GDPR-based strategic litigation against public participation Journal Article
In: Journal of Media Law, vol. 14, iss. 2, pp. 378-405, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {SLAPPed by the GDPR: protecting public interest journalism in the face of GDPR-based strategic litigation against public participation},
author = {Rucz, M.},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2022.2129614},
doi = {10.1080/17577632.2022.2129614},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-13},
urldate = {2022-10-13},
journal = {Journal of Media Law},
volume = {14},
issue = {2},
pages = {378-405},
abstract = {Strategic litigation against public participation is a threat to public interest journalism. Although typically a defamation claim underpins a SLAPP, the GDPR may serve as an alternative basis. This paper explores how public interest journalism is protected, and could be better protected, from abusive GDPR proceedings. The GDPR addresses the tension between data protection and freedom of expression by providing for a journalistic exemption. However, narrow national implementations of this provision leave the GDPR open for abuse. By analysing GDPR proceedings against newspaper Forbes Hungary, the paper illustrates how the GDPR can be instrumentalised as a SLAPP strategy. As European anti-SLAPP initiatives are finetuned, abusive GDPR proceedings need to be recognised as emerging forms of SLAPPs, requiring more attention to inadequate engagement with European freedom of expression standards in national implementations of the GDPR, data protection authorities’ role in facilitating SLAPPs, and the chilling effects of GDPR sanctions.},
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Strategic litigation against public participation is a threat to public interest journalism. Although typically a defamation claim underpins a SLAPP, the GDPR may serve as an alternative basis. This paper explores how public interest journalism is protected, and could be better protected, from abusive GDPR proceedings. The GDPR addresses the tension between data protection and freedom of expression by providing for a journalistic exemption. However, narrow national implementations of this provision leave the GDPR open for abuse. By analysing GDPR proceedings against newspaper Forbes Hungary, the paper illustrates how the GDPR can be instrumentalised as a SLAPP strategy. As European anti-SLAPP initiatives are finetuned, abusive GDPR proceedings need to be recognised as emerging forms of SLAPPs, requiring more attention to inadequate engagement with European freedom of expression standards in national implementations of the GDPR, data protection authorities’ role in facilitating SLAPPs, and the chilling effects of GDPR sanctions.
Drunen, M. van
NIT S.R.L. t. Moldavië (EHRM, 28470/12) – Het EHRM introduceert intern pluralisme Journal Article
In: European Human Rights Cases Updates, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {NIT S.R.L. t. Moldavi\"{e} (EHRM, 28470/12) \textendash Het EHRM introduceert intern pluralisme},
author = {Drunen, M. van},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/ehrc_updates_7okt2022/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-07},
journal = {European Human Rights Cases Updates},
abstract = {NIT t. Moldavi\"{e} draait om de vraag of een staat een uitzendvergunning mag intrekken om pluralisme te waarborgen. Het merendeel van de jurisprudentie van het EHRM over pluralisme heeft juist betrekking op de plicht die staten hebben om te verzekeren dat er voldoende mediabedrijven zijn die vrij zijn om hun eigen, diverse standpunten uit te dragen. NIT werd echter uit de lucht gehaald om pluralisme te beschermen: de Moldavische omroep had niet voldaan aan haar verplichting om in haar nieuws verschillende politieke standpunten gebalanceerd te presenteren. De Grote Kamer grijpt de zaak aan om haar jurisprudentie over de omstandigheden waaronder een staat de redactionele vrijheid van een mediabedrijf kan beperken om pluralisme te garanderen te ontwikkelen. Het EHRM oordeelt dat artikel 10 EVRM niet geschonden is.},
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NIT t. Moldavië draait om de vraag of een staat een uitzendvergunning mag intrekken om pluralisme te waarborgen. Het merendeel van de jurisprudentie van het EHRM over pluralisme heeft juist betrekking op de plicht die staten hebben om te verzekeren dat er voldoende mediabedrijven zijn die vrij zijn om hun eigen, diverse standpunten uit te dragen. NIT werd echter uit de lucht gehaald om pluralisme te beschermen: de Moldavische omroep had niet voldaan aan haar verplichting om in haar nieuws verschillende politieke standpunten gebalanceerd te presenteren. De Grote Kamer grijpt de zaak aan om haar jurisprudentie over de omstandigheden waaronder een staat de redactionele vrijheid van een mediabedrijf kan beperken om pluralisme te garanderen te ontwikkelen. Het EHRM oordeelt dat artikel 10 EVRM niet geschonden is.
Dommering, E.; Bruning, T.; Kruikemeier, S.; Smeets, H.; Maussen, M.
Moet fake news verboden worden? De toekomst van samen beslissen Online
2022, visited: 18.09.2022.
@online{nokey,
title = {Moet fake news verboden worden? De toekomst van samen beslissen},
author = {Dommering, E. and Bruning, T. and Kruikemeier, S. and Smeets, H. and Maussen, M.},
url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hm66bfgLn_o},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-18},
urldate = {2022-09-18},
abstract = {Debat georganiseerd door NVJ \& Arminius debatpodium.
In St. Petersburg staat een fake-news-fabriek die de Nederlandse samenleving ondermijnt op Instagram, Youtube en Tiktok. De Russische staatszender RT is naar aanleiding van de oorlog in Oekra\"{i}ne door de Europese Unie verboden. Veel mensen zien fake news als een van de grootste hedendaagse bedreigingen van de democratie en regelmatig zijn er schandalen, zoals bij de Amerikaanse verkiezingen met Cambridge Analytica. Moet misbruik van de vrijheid van meningsuiting verboden worden? Wanneer is sprake van misbruik van de vrijheid van meningsuiting? En wie mag dat dan bepalen? },
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Debat georganiseerd door NVJ & Arminius debatpodium.
In St. Petersburg staat een fake-news-fabriek die de Nederlandse samenleving ondermijnt op Instagram, Youtube en Tiktok. De Russische staatszender RT is naar aanleiding van de oorlog in Oekraïne door de Europese Unie verboden. Veel mensen zien fake news als een van de grootste hedendaagse bedreigingen van de democratie en regelmatig zijn er schandalen, zoals bij de Amerikaanse verkiezingen met Cambridge Analytica. Moet misbruik van de vrijheid van meningsuiting verboden worden? Wanneer is sprake van misbruik van de vrijheid van meningsuiting? En wie mag dat dan bepalen?
Parcu, P.L.; Brogi, E.; Verza, S. et. al.; Irion, K.; Fahy, R.; Idiz, D.; Meiring, A.; Seipp, T.; Poort, J.
Study on media plurality and diversity online Technical Report
2022, ISBN: 978-92-76-51323-0, (Report commissioned by European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, written by Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF), European University Institute, CiTiP (Centre for Information Technology and Intellectual Property) of KU Leuven, Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR/UvA), Vrije Universiteit Brussels (Studies in Media, Innovation and Technology, VUB- SMIT)).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Study on media plurality and diversity online},
author = {Parcu, P.L. and Brogi, E. and Verza, S. et. al. and Irion, K. and Fahy, R. and Idiz, D. and Meiring, A. and Seipp, T. and Poort, J.
},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/study-on-media-plurality-and-diversity-online/
https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/529019},
doi = {10.2759/529019},
isbn = {978-92-76-51323-0},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-16},
urldate = {2022-09-16},
publisher = {Publications Office of the European Union},
abstract = {The Study on Media Plurality and Diversity Online investigates the value of safeguarding media pluralism and diversity online, focusing on (i) the prominence and discoverability of general interest content and services, and on (ii) market plurality and the concentration of economic resources. With a focus on Europe, the project is funded by a tender from the European Commission to produce a study on Media Plurality and Diversity Online and involves four partner universities: CMPF (EUI); CiTiP (Centre for Information Technology and Intellectual Property) of KU Leuven; the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR/UvA); imec-SMIT-Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The purpose of the assignment was to describe, analyse and evaluate the existing regulatory and business practices in the two areas mentioned above, and finally to elaborate some policy recommendations. Data were collected from the database of the Media Pluralism Monitor (CMPF) and through desk research, online consultations and interviews with stakeholders. The contractor was able to call on a network of national experts across the Member States to support this work.},
note = {Report commissioned by European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, written by Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF), European University Institute, CiTiP (Centre for Information Technology and Intellectual Property) of KU Leuven, Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR/UvA), Vrije Universiteit Brussels (Studies in Media, Innovation and Technology, VUB- SMIT)},
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The Study on Media Plurality and Diversity Online investigates the value of safeguarding media pluralism and diversity online, focusing on (i) the prominence and discoverability of general interest content and services, and on (ii) market plurality and the concentration of economic resources. With a focus on Europe, the project is funded by a tender from the European Commission to produce a study on Media Plurality and Diversity Online and involves four partner universities: CMPF (EUI); CiTiP (Centre for Information Technology and Intellectual Property) of KU Leuven; the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam (IViR/UvA); imec-SMIT-Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The purpose of the assignment was to describe, analyse and evaluate the existing regulatory and business practices in the two areas mentioned above, and finally to elaborate some policy recommendations. Data were collected from the database of the Media Pluralism Monitor (CMPF) and through desk research, online consultations and interviews with stakeholders. The contractor was able to call on a network of national experts across the Member States to support this work.
Sax, M.
Algorithmic News Diversity and Democratic Theory: Adding Agonism to the Mix Journal Article
In: Digital Journalism, 2022.
@article{Sax2022,
title = {Algorithmic News Diversity and Democratic Theory: Adding Agonism to the Mix},
author = {Sax, M.},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2022.2114919},
doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2114919},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-09-14},
urldate = {2022-09-14},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
abstract = {The role news recommenders can play in stimulating news diversity is receiving increasing amounts of attention. Democratic theory plays an important role in this debate because it helps explain why news diversity is important and which kinds of news diversity should be pursued. In this article, I observe that the current literature on news recommenders and news diversity largely draws on a narrow set of theories of liberal and deliberative democracy. Another strand of democratic theory often referred to as ‘agonism’ is often ignored. This, I argue, is a mistake. Liberal and deliberative theories of democracy focus on the question of how political disagreements and conflicts can be resolved in a rational and legitimate manner. Agonism, to the contrary, stresses the ineradicability of conflict and the need to make conflict productive. This difference in thinking about the purpose of democratic politics can also lead to new ways of thinking about the value of news diversity and role algorithmic news recommenders should play in promoting it. The overall aim of the article is (re)introduce agonistic theory to the news recommender context and to argue that agonism deserves more serious attention.},
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The role news recommenders can play in stimulating news diversity is receiving increasing amounts of attention. Democratic theory plays an important role in this debate because it helps explain why news diversity is important and which kinds of news diversity should be pursued. In this article, I observe that the current literature on news recommenders and news diversity largely draws on a narrow set of theories of liberal and deliberative democracy. Another strand of democratic theory often referred to as ‘agonism’ is often ignored. This, I argue, is a mistake. Liberal and deliberative theories of democracy focus on the question of how political disagreements and conflicts can be resolved in a rational and legitimate manner. Agonism, to the contrary, stresses the ineradicability of conflict and the need to make conflict productive. This difference in thinking about the purpose of democratic politics can also lead to new ways of thinking about the value of news diversity and role algorithmic news recommenders should play in promoting it. The overall aim of the article is (re)introduce agonistic theory to the news recommender context and to argue that agonism deserves more serious attention.
Drunen, M. van; Buri, I.; Chapman, M.; Culloty, E.; Fahy, R.; Giannopoulou, A.; Gil González, E.; Meiring, A.; Strycharz, J.; Heuvelhof, C. ten
New actors and risks in online advertising Technical Report
2022, ISSN: 2079-1062, (IRIS Special 2022-1, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {New actors and risks in online advertising},
author = {Drunen, M. van and Buri, I. and Chapman, M. and Culloty, E. and Fahy, R. and Giannopoulou, A. and Gil Gonz\'{a}lez, E. and Meiring, A. and Strycharz, J. and Heuvelhof, C. ten},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/iris_special_1_2022/
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Voorhoof, D.; McGonagle, T.
Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights Book
2022, ISBN: 9789287184351, (IRIS Themes, vol. III, 7th edition, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg).
@book{nokey,
title = {Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights},
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isbn = { 9789287184351},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-26},
abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first six editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2020 and 2021) have proved hugely successful. The new seventh edition summarises over 360 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database).},
note = {IRIS Themes, vol. III, 7th edition, European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg},
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This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first six editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2020 and 2021) have proved hugely successful. The new seventh edition summarises over 360 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database).
Hins, A.
Opinie: Staatspropaganda en uitingsvrijheid Journal Article
In: Mediaforum, vol. 34, iss. 2, pp. 45, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Opinie: Staatspropaganda en uitingsvrijheid},
author = {Hins, A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/opinie_mediaforum_2022_2/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-25},
journal = {Mediaforum},
volume = {34},
issue = {2},
pages = {45},
abstract = {Op 10 januari 2022 is de Europese Commissie een openbare raadpleging gestart inzake een nieuwe verordening op basis van art. 114 VWEU, genaamd ‘Europese wet inzake mediavrijheid. ’ Deze opinie bepleit om in de te toekomstige verordening vast te leggen dat publieke mediadiensten binnen de EU onafhankelijk moeten functioneren van de politieke macht. Het aanleggen van dezelfde criteria voor het doorgeven van programma’s die elders zijn uitgezonden is echter onevenredig.},
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Op 10 januari 2022 is de Europese Commissie een openbare raadpleging gestart inzake een nieuwe verordening op basis van art. 114 VWEU, genaamd ‘Europese wet inzake mediavrijheid. ’ Deze opinie bepleit om in de te toekomstige verordening vast te leggen dat publieke mediadiensten binnen de EU onafhankelijk moeten functioneren van de politieke macht. Het aanleggen van dezelfde criteria voor het doorgeven van programma’s die elders zijn uitgezonden is echter onevenredig.
Drunen, M. van; Fechner, D.
Safeguarding Editorial Independence in an Automated Media System: The Relationship Between Law and Journalistic Perspectives Journal Article
In: Digital Journalism, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Safeguarding Editorial Independence in an Automated Media System: The Relationship Between Law and Journalistic Perspectives},
author = {Drunen, M. van and Fechner, D.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/digitaljournalism_2022/},
doi = {10.1080/21670811.2022.2108868},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-08-16},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
abstract = {This article explores the relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on the way editorial independence can be safeguarded in the context of automation. It aims to bridge two discussions. First, the journalism studies literature that has explored how automation challenges the way editors and journalists fulfil their role in newsrooms and society. Second, the legal discussion that is revisiting how the conditions for editorial independence can be created in a media system where automation is increasingly important. To do so, this article contrasts a normative framework that outlines the functions of editorial independence in European media law with interviews with editors and journalists involved in data journalism and news personalisation. It finds excellent potential for a complementary relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on editorial independence. However, the challenges posed by automation fall outside the mechanisms through which this relationship has traditionally been operationalised.},
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This article explores the relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on the way editorial independence can be safeguarded in the context of automation. It aims to bridge two discussions. First, the journalism studies literature that has explored how automation challenges the way editors and journalists fulfil their role in newsrooms and society. Second, the legal discussion that is revisiting how the conditions for editorial independence can be created in a media system where automation is increasingly important. To do so, this article contrasts a normative framework that outlines the functions of editorial independence in European media law with interviews with editors and journalists involved in data journalism and news personalisation. It finds excellent potential for a complementary relationship between legal and journalistic perspectives on editorial independence. However, the challenges posed by automation fall outside the mechanisms through which this relationship has traditionally been operationalised.
McGonagle, T.
2022, (Study commissioned by the Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Doubling down on safety of journalists \textendash An analysis and positioning of OSCE Ministerial Council Decision No. 3/18 - Safety of Journalists (2018) in a wider context},
author = {McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/doubling_down_on_safety_of_journalists/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-22},
note = {Study commissioned by the Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media},
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McGonagle, T.
Another string to the bow of media freedom: An analysis of the Communiqués of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2014 – 2022) Technical Report
2022, (Study commissioned by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, OSCE, Vienna).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Another string to the bow of media freedom: An analysis of the Communiqu\'{e}s of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2014 \textendash 2022)},
author = {McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/another_string_to_the_bow_of_media_freedom/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-21},
abstract = {Since 2014, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media has issued 20 communiqu\'{e}s on a range of different themes relating to freedom of expression and information; media and internet freedom; and the safety and freedoms of journalists and other (media) actors. They were introduced as a new form of output that would have more depth and impact than regular
press releases or statements. This study provides an analysis of this corpus of communiqu\'{e}s. It examines their aims, instruments and formats used by the Representative to make political interventions and develop standpoints. The thematic analysis is grouped into the following rough categories: 1) enduring threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; 2) emerging threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; and 3) signature themes of the Office of the Representative. The signature themes are open journalism and safety of female journalists online \textendash the focuses of two recent flagship projects by the Office of the Representative. The picture that emerges from the analysis is one of complementary focuses and consistent approaches. Nevertheless, the conclusions offer a few modest recommendations to make future communiqu\'{e}s more distinctly recognisable as such and to further enhance the consistency across the growing corpus of communiqu\'{e}s.},
note = {Study commissioned by the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, OSCE, Vienna},
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Since 2014, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media has issued 20 communiqués on a range of different themes relating to freedom of expression and information; media and internet freedom; and the safety and freedoms of journalists and other (media) actors. They were introduced as a new form of output that would have more depth and impact than regular
press releases or statements. This study provides an analysis of this corpus of communiqués. It examines their aims, instruments and formats used by the Representative to make political interventions and develop standpoints. The thematic analysis is grouped into the following rough categories: 1) enduring threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; 2) emerging threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; and 3) signature themes of the Office of the Representative. The signature themes are open journalism and safety of female journalists online – the focuses of two recent flagship projects by the Office of the Representative. The picture that emerges from the analysis is one of complementary focuses and consistent approaches. Nevertheless, the conclusions offer a few modest recommendations to make future communiqués more distinctly recognisable as such and to further enhance the consistency across the growing corpus of communiqués.
press releases or statements. This study provides an analysis of this corpus of communiqués. It examines their aims, instruments and formats used by the Representative to make political interventions and develop standpoints. The thematic analysis is grouped into the following rough categories: 1) enduring threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; 2) emerging threats to freedom of the media and freedom of expression; and 3) signature themes of the Office of the Representative. The signature themes are open journalism and safety of female journalists online – the focuses of two recent flagship projects by the Office of the Representative. The picture that emerges from the analysis is one of complementary focuses and consistent approaches. Nevertheless, the conclusions offer a few modest recommendations to make future communiqués more distinctly recognisable as such and to further enhance the consistency across the growing corpus of communiqués.
Volgenant, O.; McGonagle, T.
Persvrijheidsmonitor 2021 Journal Article
In: Mediaforum, iss. 3, pp. 74-77, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Persvrijheidsmonitor 2021},
author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/mediaforum_2022_3/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-14},
journal = {Mediaforum},
issue = {3},
pages = {74-77},
abstract = {De persvrijheid staat wereldwijd onder druk. Ook in Nederland is sprake van een neerwaartse trend. Nederland daalde voor het derde jaar op rij een plekje op de jaarlijkse ranglijst van landen met de meeste persvrijheid. Nederland zakte in 2021 af naar de zesde plaats, en in 2022 duikelde Nederland zelfs naar de 28ste plaats. Er is kritiek op de gebrekkige wijze waarop overheidsinformatie wordt gedeeld, en de veiligheid van journalisten is een belangrijk aandachtspunt. De Europese Commissie rapporteert jaarlijks over de rechtsstaat in Nederland, en noemde in 2021 als aandachtspunten: toegang tot overheidsinformatie, bedreigingen van journalisten, en het openbaar maken van eigendomsstructuren van media. Dit laatste punt wordt ook door het Commissariaat voor de Media in de jaarlijkse Monitor voor de pluriformiteit van de media benoemd, in het licht van de trend van toenemende mediaconcentratie.},
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De persvrijheid staat wereldwijd onder druk. Ook in Nederland is sprake van een neerwaartse trend. Nederland daalde voor het derde jaar op rij een plekje op de jaarlijkse ranglijst van landen met de meeste persvrijheid. Nederland zakte in 2021 af naar de zesde plaats, en in 2022 duikelde Nederland zelfs naar de 28ste plaats. Er is kritiek op de gebrekkige wijze waarop overheidsinformatie wordt gedeeld, en de veiligheid van journalisten is een belangrijk aandachtspunt. De Europese Commissie rapporteert jaarlijks over de rechtsstaat in Nederland, en noemde in 2021 als aandachtspunten: toegang tot overheidsinformatie, bedreigingen van journalisten, en het openbaar maken van eigendomsstructuren van media. Dit laatste punt wordt ook door het Commissariaat voor de Media in de jaarlijkse Monitor voor de pluriformiteit van de media benoemd, in het licht van de trend van toenemende mediaconcentratie.
Chocarro, S.; Harrison,J.; McGonagle, T.; Parmar, S.; Torsner, S.
Closing the normative gap: What ten years of Human Rights Council Resolutions tell us about its approach to the safety of journalists Technical Report
2022, (Working paper, the seventh Academic Conference on the Safety of Journalists, jointly organised by the University of the Republic and UNESCO, World Press Freedom Day in Punta del Este, Uruguay).
@techreport{nokey,
title = {Closing the normative gap: What ten years of Human Rights Council Resolutions tell us about its approach to the safety of journalists },
author = {Chocarro, S. and Harrison,J. and McGonagle, T. and Parmar, S. and Torsner, S. },
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/nl/closing-the-normative-gap/
https://www.article19.org/resources/world-press-freedom-day-journalism-under-siege/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-03},
urldate = {2022-05-03},
abstract = {In the last ten years, there have been high levels of development of normative work within the United Nations (UN) system on the issue of the safety of journalists. Since the approval of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity in 2012, the first ever UN strategy on this matter, and the subsequent first Human Rights Council (HRC) Resolution on the safety of journalists that same year, fifteen resolutions have been adopted by the principal UN Charter-based bodies, namely the Security Council, the General Assembly and the HRC, and also UNESCO.
The HRC resolutions, which have been adopted on a biennial basis, have proven to be the most progressive in addressing the safety of journalists from a human rights-based perspective. However, the main challenge remains their effective implementation. How have these resolutions evolved and what do they reveal about how the issue of the safety of journalists is addressed by the HRC? What are the shortcomings and gaps in the protection of the safety of journalists offered by this set of resolutions?
To answer these questions, this paper first undertakes a qualitative document analysis of HRC resolutions. It then analyzes the development of these resolutions from a humanrights perspective. Finally, based on this analysis, it identifies the normative gaps that should be addressed in order to properly respond to the most pressing challenges to the safety of journalists in the years to come.
},
note = {Working paper, the seventh Academic Conference on the Safety of Journalists, jointly organised by the University of the Republic and UNESCO, World Press Freedom Day in Punta del Este, Uruguay},
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In the last ten years, there have been high levels of development of normative work within the United Nations (UN) system on the issue of the safety of journalists. Since the approval of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity in 2012, the first ever UN strategy on this matter, and the subsequent first Human Rights Council (HRC) Resolution on the safety of journalists that same year, fifteen resolutions have been adopted by the principal UN Charter-based bodies, namely the Security Council, the General Assembly and the HRC, and also UNESCO.
The HRC resolutions, which have been adopted on a biennial basis, have proven to be the most progressive in addressing the safety of journalists from a human rights-based perspective. However, the main challenge remains their effective implementation. How have these resolutions evolved and what do they reveal about how the issue of the safety of journalists is addressed by the HRC? What are the shortcomings and gaps in the protection of the safety of journalists offered by this set of resolutions?
To answer these questions, this paper first undertakes a qualitative document analysis of HRC resolutions. It then analyzes the development of these resolutions from a humanrights perspective. Finally, based on this analysis, it identifies the normative gaps that should be addressed in order to properly respond to the most pressing challenges to the safety of journalists in the years to come.
The HRC resolutions, which have been adopted on a biennial basis, have proven to be the most progressive in addressing the safety of journalists from a human rights-based perspective. However, the main challenge remains their effective implementation. How have these resolutions evolved and what do they reveal about how the issue of the safety of journalists is addressed by the HRC? What are the shortcomings and gaps in the protection of the safety of journalists offered by this set of resolutions?
To answer these questions, this paper first undertakes a qualitative document analysis of HRC resolutions. It then analyzes the development of these resolutions from a humanrights perspective. Finally, based on this analysis, it identifies the normative gaps that should be addressed in order to properly respond to the most pressing challenges to the safety of journalists in the years to come.
Hins, A.
Grondrechten voor de vijand Journal Article
In: De Hofvijver, vol. 12, iss. 129, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Grondrechten voor de vijand},
author = {Hins, A.},
url = {https://www.montesquieu-instituut.nl/id/vlrjjfj3ptw8/nieuws/grondrechthttps://www.ivir.nl/hofvijver-28-maart-2022-opinie-grondrechten-voor-de-vijand/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-28},
journal = {De Hofvijver},
volume = {12},
issue = {129},
abstract = {Op 1 maart 2022 besloot de Raad van de Europese Unie tot een algemeen verbod op het doorgeven van de Russische propagandazenders RT (Russia Today) en Sputnik. In deze opinie wordt het standpunt ingenomen dat desinformatie moet worden bestreden, maar dat het middel van censuur erger is dan de kwaal.},
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Op 1 maart 2022 besloot de Raad van de Europese Unie tot een algemeen verbod op het doorgeven van de Russische propagandazenders RT (Russia Today) en Sputnik. In deze opinie wordt het standpunt ingenomen dat desinformatie moet worden bestreden, maar dat het middel van censuur erger is dan de kwaal.
Hins, A.
Annotatie bij EHRM 7 december 2021 (Standard Verlagsgesellschaft / Oostenrijk) Journal Article
In: Jurisprudentie Bescherming Persoonsgegevens, iss. 1, no. 1, pp. 19-23, 2022.
@article{nokey,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 7 december 2021 (Standard Verlagsgesellschaft / Oostenrijk)},
author = {Hins, A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/annotatie_jbp_2022_1/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-15},
journal = {Jurisprudentie Bescherming Persoonsgegevens},
number = {1},
issue = {1},
pages = {19-23},
abstract = {Standard Verlagsgesellschaft geeft in Oostenrijk een dagblad uit, dat ook online wordt gepubliceerd. Onder de redactionele artikelen kunnen geregistreerde lezers hun eigen commentaar plaatsen, desgewenst onder een schuilnaam. In de casus hadden drie lezers onder schuilnaam scherpe afkeuring uitgesproken over het gedrag van twee politici. Bij de nationale rechter vorderden de twee politici afgifte van de namen, adressen en woonplaatsen van de auteurs. De Oostenrijkse rechter wees de eis toe, maar het EHRM oordeelt anders. Weliswaar is het recht op bronbescherming niet van toepassing, maar de persvrijheid krachtens artikel 10 EVRM is toch geschonden.},
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Standard Verlagsgesellschaft geeft in Oostenrijk een dagblad uit, dat ook online wordt gepubliceerd. Onder de redactionele artikelen kunnen geregistreerde lezers hun eigen commentaar plaatsen, desgewenst onder een schuilnaam. In de casus hadden drie lezers onder schuilnaam scherpe afkeuring uitgesproken over het gedrag van twee politici. Bij de nationale rechter vorderden de twee politici afgifte van de namen, adressen en woonplaatsen van de auteurs. De Oostenrijkse rechter wees de eis toe, maar het EHRM oordeelt anders. Weliswaar is het recht op bronbescherming niet van toepassing, maar de persvrijheid krachtens artikel 10 EVRM is toch geschonden.
Pentney, K.; McGonagle, T.
From Risk to Reward? The DSA's risk-based approach to disinformation Book Chapter
In: Unravelling the Digital Services Act package', M. Cappello (ed.), IRIS Special, Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory, pp. 40-57, 2021.
@inbook{nokey,
title = {From Risk to Reward? The DSA's risk-based approach to disinformation},
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Drunen, M. van
Editorial independence in an automated media system Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, vol. 10, no. 3, 2021.
@article{nokey,
title = {Editorial independence in an automated media system},
author = {Drunen, M. van},
url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/editorial-independence-automated-media-system},
doi = {10.14763/2021.3.1569},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-09-13},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
abstract = {The media has increasingly grown to rely on automated decision-making to produce and distribute news. This trend challenges our understanding of editorial independence by transforming the role of human editorial judgment and creating new dependencies on external software and data providers, engineers, and platforms. Recent policy initiatives such as the EU’s Media Action Plan and Digital Services Act are now beginning to revisit the way law can enable the media to act independently in the context of new technological tools and actors. Fully understanding and addressing the challenges automation poses to editorial independence, however, first requires better normative insight into the functions editorial independence performs in European media policy. This article provides a normative framework of editorial independence’s functions in European media policy and uses it to explore the new challenges posed by the automation of editorial decision-making.},
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The media has increasingly grown to rely on automated decision-making to produce and distribute news. This trend challenges our understanding of editorial independence by transforming the role of human editorial judgment and creating new dependencies on external software and data providers, engineers, and platforms. Recent policy initiatives such as the EU’s Media Action Plan and Digital Services Act are now beginning to revisit the way law can enable the media to act independently in the context of new technological tools and actors. Fully understanding and addressing the challenges automation poses to editorial independence, however, first requires better normative insight into the functions editorial independence performs in European media policy. This article provides a normative framework of editorial independence’s functions in European media policy and uses it to explore the new challenges posed by the automation of editorial decision-making.
Bastian, M.; Helberger, N.; Makhortykh, M.
Safeguarding the Journalistic DNA: Attitudes towards the Role of Professional Values in Algorithmic News Recommender Designs Journal Article
In: Digital Journalism, 2021.
@article{Bastian2021,
title = {Safeguarding the Journalistic DNA: Attitudes towards the Role of Professional Values in Algorithmic News Recommender Designs},
author = {Bastian, M. and Helberger, N. and Makhortykh, M.},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912622},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1912622},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-07-29},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
abstract = {In contrast to the extensive debate on the influence of algorithmic news recommenders (ANRs) on individual news diets, the interaction between such systems and journalistic norms and missions remain under-studied. The change in the relationship between journalists and the audience caused by the transition to personalized news delivery has profound consequences for the understanding of what journalism should be. To investigate how media practitioners perceive the impact of ANRs on their professional norms and media organizations’ missions, and how these norms and missions can be integrated into ANR design, this article looks at two quality newspapers from the Netherlands and Switzerland. Using an interview-based approach conducted with practitioners in different departments (e.g. journalists, data scientists, and product managers), it explores how ANRs interact with organization-centred and audience-centred journalistic values. The paper’s findings indicate a varying degree of prominence for specific values between individual practitioners in the context of their perception of ANRs. At the same time, the paper also reveals that some organization-centred (e.g. transparency) and most audience-centred (e.g. usability) values are viewed as prerequisites for successful ANR design by practitioners with different professional backgrounds.},
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In contrast to the extensive debate on the influence of algorithmic news recommenders (ANRs) on individual news diets, the interaction between such systems and journalistic norms and missions remain under-studied. The change in the relationship between journalists and the audience caused by the transition to personalized news delivery has profound consequences for the understanding of what journalism should be. To investigate how media practitioners perceive the impact of ANRs on their professional norms and media organizations’ missions, and how these norms and missions can be integrated into ANR design, this article looks at two quality newspapers from the Netherlands and Switzerland. Using an interview-based approach conducted with practitioners in different departments (e.g. journalists, data scientists, and product managers), it explores how ANRs interact with organization-centred and audience-centred journalistic values. The paper’s findings indicate a varying degree of prominence for specific values between individual practitioners in the context of their perception of ANRs. At the same time, the paper also reveals that some organization-centred (e.g. transparency) and most audience-centred (e.g. usability) values are viewed as prerequisites for successful ANR design by practitioners with different professional backgrounds.
Seipp, T.
News media’s dependency on big tech: should we be worried? Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, 2021, (Opinion).
@article{Seipp2021,
title = {News media’s dependency on big tech: should we be worried?},
author = {Seipp, T.},
url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/news-medias-dependency-big-tech-should-we-be-worried/1562},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-06-10},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
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Voorhoof, D.; McGonagle, T.
Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the Euopean Court of Human Rights Journal Article
In: 2021, ISBN: 9789287184351, (IRIS Themes, vol. III, 6th edition, April 2021).
@article{Voorhoof2021,
title = {Freedom of expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the Euopean Court of Human Rights},
author = {Voorhoof, D. and McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://rm.coe.int/iris-themes-vol-iii-2020-edition-en-28-april-2021-/1680a24eee},
isbn = {9789287184351},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-06},
abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first four editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2020) have proved hugely successful. The new sixth edition summarises over 339 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). },
note = {IRIS Themes, vol. III, 6th edition, April 2021},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first four editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2020) have proved hugely successful. The new sixth edition summarises over 339 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database).
Volgenant, O.; McGonagle, T.
Persvrijheidsmonitor 2020 Journal Article
In: 2021.
@article{Volgenant2021,
title = {Persvrijheidsmonitor 2020},
author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Persvrijheidsmonitor-2020.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-05-03},
abstract = {Op maandag 3 mei wordt de Internationale Dag van de Persvrijheid gehouden. Op deze dag wordt de jaarlijkse Persvrijheidsmonitor gepresenteerd met een overzicht van de ontwikkelingen op het gebied van de persvrijheid in Nederland.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Op maandag 3 mei wordt de Internationale Dag van de Persvrijheid gehouden. Op deze dag wordt de jaarlijkse Persvrijheidsmonitor gepresenteerd met een overzicht van de ontwikkelingen op het gebied van de persvrijheid in Nederland.
van Eechoud, M.
Nieuws in de platformeconomie Journal Article
In: De Hofvijver, vol. 11, no. 118, 2021.
@article{vanEechoud2021,
title = {Nieuws in de platformeconomie},
author = {van Eechoud, M.},
url = {https://www.montesquieu-instituut.nl/id/vlhef5g0pisa/nieuws/nieuws_in_de_platformeconomie},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-29},
journal = {De Hofvijver},
volume = {11},
number = {118},
abstract = {De media stond de afgelopen weken bol van het nieuws dat Google en Facebook op grond van een nieuwe Australische wet moeten gaan betalen voor het gebruik van ‘news content’. In de EU hebben we al een paar jaar zo’n wet, in de vorm van een richtlijn (2019/790) die inmiddels in de Wet op de naburige rechten is ge\"{i}mplementeerd. Deze zomer treed de herziene wet in werking en hebben uitgevers van perspublicaties aan het auteursrecht vergelijkbare exclusieve rechten ten aanzien van het online (commercieel) gebruik van hun digitale uitgaven. Net als in Australi\"{e} gebeurde, ging de totstandkoming van de Europese wet gepaard met groot retorisch geweld van zowel de kant van traditionele media als van platformen. Digitale platforms zouden advertentie-inkomsten stelen van kranten en rijk worden over de rug van traditionele media. Persuitgevers zouden voorstander zijn van een de-facto belasting op hyperlinks, gebrek aan innovatiekracht tonen en miskennen hoezeer sociale media en zoekmachines hun bereik exponentieel vergroten, en dat gratis.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
De media stond de afgelopen weken bol van het nieuws dat Google en Facebook op grond van een nieuwe Australische wet moeten gaan betalen voor het gebruik van ‘news content’. In de EU hebben we al een paar jaar zo’n wet, in de vorm van een richtlijn (2019/790) die inmiddels in de Wet op de naburige rechten is geïmplementeerd. Deze zomer treed de herziene wet in werking en hebben uitgevers van perspublicaties aan het auteursrecht vergelijkbare exclusieve rechten ten aanzien van het online (commercieel) gebruik van hun digitale uitgaven. Net als in Australië gebeurde, ging de totstandkoming van de Europese wet gepaard met groot retorisch geweld van zowel de kant van traditionele media als van platformen. Digitale platforms zouden advertentie-inkomsten stelen van kranten en rijk worden over de rug van traditionele media. Persuitgevers zouden voorstander zijn van een de-facto belasting op hyperlinks, gebrek aan innovatiekracht tonen en miskennen hoezeer sociale media en zoekmachines hun bereik exponentieel vergroten, en dat gratis.
Vrijenhoek, S.; Kaya, M.; Metoui, N.; Möller, J.; Odijk, D.; Helberger, N.
Recommenders with a Mission: Assessing Diversity in News Recommendations Journal Article
In: CHIIR '21: Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval, pp. 173-183, 2021.
@article{nokey,
title = {Recommenders with a Mission: Assessing Diversity in News Recommendations},
author = {Vrijenhoek, S. and Kaya, M. and Metoui, N. and M\"{o}ller, J. and Odijk, D. and Helberger, N.},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3406522.3446019},
doi = {10.1145/3406522.3446019},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-14},
journal = {CHIIR '21: Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval},
pages = {173-183},
abstract = {News recommenders help users to find relevant online content and have the potential to fulfill a crucial role in a democratic society, directing the scarce attention of citizens towards the information that is most important to them. Simultaneously, recent concerns about so-called filter bubbles, misinformation and selective exposure are symptomatic of the disruptive potential of these digital news recommenders. Recommender systems can make or break filter bubbles, and as such can be instrumental in creating either a more closed or a more open internet. Current approaches to evaluating recommender systems are often focused on measuring an increase in user clicks and short-term engagement, rather than measuring the user's longer term interest in diverse and important information.
This paper aims to bridge the gap between normative notions of diversity, rooted in democratic theory, and quantitative metrics necessary for evaluating the recommender system. We propose a set of metrics grounded in social science interpretations of diversity and suggest ways for practical implementations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
News recommenders help users to find relevant online content and have the potential to fulfill a crucial role in a democratic society, directing the scarce attention of citizens towards the information that is most important to them. Simultaneously, recent concerns about so-called filter bubbles, misinformation and selective exposure are symptomatic of the disruptive potential of these digital news recommenders. Recommender systems can make or break filter bubbles, and as such can be instrumental in creating either a more closed or a more open internet. Current approaches to evaluating recommender systems are often focused on measuring an increase in user clicks and short-term engagement, rather than measuring the user's longer term interest in diverse and important information.
This paper aims to bridge the gap between normative notions of diversity, rooted in democratic theory, and quantitative metrics necessary for evaluating the recommender system. We propose a set of metrics grounded in social science interpretations of diversity and suggest ways for practical implementations.
This paper aims to bridge the gap between normative notions of diversity, rooted in democratic theory, and quantitative metrics necessary for evaluating the recommender system. We propose a set of metrics grounded in social science interpretations of diversity and suggest ways for practical implementations.
Dommering, E.
Annotatie bij EHRM 8 oktober 2019 (Szurovecz / Hongarije) Journal Article
In: Nederlandse Jurisprudentie, vol. 2021, no. 4, pp. 230-231, 2021.
@article{Dommering2021b,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 8 oktober 2019 (Szurovecz / Hongarije)},
author = {Dommering, E.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_NJ_2021_13.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-11},
journal = {Nederlandse Jurisprudentie},
volume = {2021},
number = {4},
pages = {230-231},
abstract = {Deze zaak gaat over de vrijheid van nieuwsgaring. Een journalist kreeg geen toegang tot vreemdelingencentra in Hongarije. Het EHRM achtte dat in de gegeven omstandigheden in strijd met artikel 10 EVRM. },
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Deze zaak gaat over de vrijheid van nieuwsgaring. Een journalist kreeg geen toegang tot vreemdelingencentra in Hongarije. Het EHRM achtte dat in de gegeven omstandigheden in strijd met artikel 10 EVRM.
Helberger, N.; Drunen, M. van; Vrijenhoek, S.; Möller, J.
Regulation of news recommenders in the Digital Services Act: empowering David against the Very Large Online Goliath Journal Article
In: Internet Policy Review, 2021, (Opinion).
@article{Helberger2021b,
title = {Regulation of news recommenders in the Digital Services Act: empowering David against the Very Large Online Goliath},
author = {Helberger, N. and Drunen, M. van and Vrijenhoek, S. and M\"{o}ller, J.},
url = {https://policyreview.info/articles/news/regulation-news-recommenders-digital-services-act-empowering-david-against-very-large},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-02-26},
journal = {Internet Policy Review},
note = {Opinion},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Betzel, M.; Fahy, R.; Helberger, N.; Marrazzo, F.; Matějka, S.; Nyakas, L.; Papp, J.
Notions of Disinformation and Related Concepts Technical Report
2020, (ERGA report).
@techreport{Betzel2020,
title = {Notions of Disinformation and Related Concepts },
author = {Betzel, M. and Fahy, R. and Helberger, N. and Marrazzo, F. and Matv{e}jka, S. and Nyakas, L. and Papp, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/ERGA-SG2-Report-2020-Notions-of-disinformation-and-related-concepts.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-12-11},
abstract = {Previous work of the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services (ERGA) has shown that the definitions used by the European Commission, Member States and online platforms for the different phenomena of disinformation deviate and should be further clarified in order to ensure a consistent approach. The aim of this Report is to provide for clearer and more uniform definitions of disinformation to ensure optimal guidance to all actors involved and contribute to more consistency within the national approaches. The Report also aims to assist in coming to clearer definitions and ensure more consistency and uniformity regarding the notions of political advertising and issue-based advertising. The information for this report was collected through various means including an examination of existing academic research, interviews with relevant stakeholders, particularly from the civil society and media. The scope of the survey was not limited to the single notion of disinformation but also covered concepts that are usually associated with disinformation such as misinformation, malinformation, fake news, false news, false information, and foreign influence operations. Information was collected on definitions, interpretations, and understandings of disinformation and related concepts available in the legislation and other regulation including (self-regulatory) codes and guidelines of ERGA members and observers. The Report concludes with identifying key relevant elements and characteristics of the notions of disinformation, political advertising, and related concepts, and includes recommendations to assist in coming to clearer definitions regarding disinformation, political advertising and issue-based advertising.},
note = {ERGA report},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Previous work of the European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services (ERGA) has shown that the definitions used by the European Commission, Member States and online platforms for the different phenomena of disinformation deviate and should be further clarified in order to ensure a consistent approach. The aim of this Report is to provide for clearer and more uniform definitions of disinformation to ensure optimal guidance to all actors involved and contribute to more consistency within the national approaches. The Report also aims to assist in coming to clearer definitions and ensure more consistency and uniformity regarding the notions of political advertising and issue-based advertising. The information for this report was collected through various means including an examination of existing academic research, interviews with relevant stakeholders, particularly from the civil society and media. The scope of the survey was not limited to the single notion of disinformation but also covered concepts that are usually associated with disinformation such as misinformation, malinformation, fake news, false news, false information, and foreign influence operations. Information was collected on definitions, interpretations, and understandings of disinformation and related concepts available in the legislation and other regulation including (self-regulatory) codes and guidelines of ERGA members and observers. The Report concludes with identifying key relevant elements and characteristics of the notions of disinformation, political advertising, and related concepts, and includes recommendations to assist in coming to clearer definitions regarding disinformation, political advertising and issue-based advertising.
McGonagle, T.; Fahy, R.; Bouchè, G.; Rucz, M.; Stapel, S.; Seel, M.; Sangen, A, van der
Safety of journalists and the fighting of corruption in the EU Technical Report
2020, (Prof. dr. T. McGonagle - Project Leader - European Parliament - Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs - Directorate-General for Internal Policies - July 2020).
@techreport{McGonagle2020f,
title = {Safety of journalists and the fighting of corruption in the EU},
author = {McGonagle, T. and Fahy, R. and Bouch\`{e}, G. and Rucz, M. and Stapel, S. and Seel, M. and Sangen, A, van der},
url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/655187/IPOL_STU(2020)655187_EN.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-30},
abstract = {Journalism and journalists face a growing range of threats, including violence and harassment; the misuse of defamation and other laws against them, and restrictive measures on freedom of information and expression adopted in response to the Covid-19 crisis. States must ensure a safe and favourable environment for journalists to perform their public watchdog function. This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines the overall chilling effect of crimes and threats against journalists and explores various regulatory and other measures to counter them.
This report was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.},
note = {Prof. dr. T. McGonagle - Project Leader - European Parliament - Policy Department for Citizen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs - Directorate-General for Internal Policies - July 2020},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Journalism and journalists face a growing range of threats, including violence and harassment; the misuse of defamation and other laws against them, and restrictive measures on freedom of information and expression adopted in response to the Covid-19 crisis. States must ensure a safe and favourable environment for journalists to perform their public watchdog function. This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines the overall chilling effect of crimes and threats against journalists and explores various regulatory and other measures to counter them.
This report was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.
Drunen, M. van
The post-editorial control era: how EU media law matches platforms’ organisational control with cooperative responsibility Journal Article
In: Journal of Media Law, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 166-190, 2020.
@article{Drunen2020,
title = {The post-editorial control era: how EU media law matches platforms’ organisational control with cooperative responsibility},
author = {Drunen, M. van},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17577632.2020.1796067},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2020.1796067},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-28},
journal = {Journal of Media Law},
volume = {12},
number = {2},
pages = {166-190},
abstract = {This paper argues the AVMSD attaches cooperative responsibility to platforms’ organisational control. Firstly, it explores how the new concept of organisational control differs from the editorial control that has traditionally been central to media law, in particular concerning the greater involvement of other stakeholders active on platforms. Secondly, it analyses the measures the AVMSD requires platforms to take with regard to content on their service in light of their organisational control. Finally, it shows how the AVMSD not only requires platforms to assume responsibility for actions under their direct control, but also to enable users and uploaders to exercise their inherent influence differently. The AVMSD consequently moves away from centralised, and towards cooperative responsibility for platforms. The paper concludes by evaluating the choices the AVMSD makes (and fails to make) in the operationalisation of this new responsibility model.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper argues the AVMSD attaches cooperative responsibility to platforms’ organisational control. Firstly, it explores how the new concept of organisational control differs from the editorial control that has traditionally been central to media law, in particular concerning the greater involvement of other stakeholders active on platforms. Secondly, it analyses the measures the AVMSD requires platforms to take with regard to content on their service in light of their organisational control. Finally, it shows how the AVMSD not only requires platforms to assume responsibility for actions under their direct control, but also to enable users and uploaders to exercise their inherent influence differently. The AVMSD consequently moves away from centralised, and towards cooperative responsibility for platforms. The paper concludes by evaluating the choices the AVMSD makes (and fails to make) in the operationalisation of this new responsibility model.
Volgenant, O.; McGonagle, T.
Kroniek Persrecht 2019 Journal Article
In: Mediaforum, vol. 2020, no. 3, pp. 87-89, 2020.
@article{Volgenant2020,
title = {Kroniek Persrecht 2019},
author = {Volgenant, O. and McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Mediaforum_2020_3_Volgenant.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-17},
journal = {Mediaforum},
volume = {2020},
number = {3},
pages = {87-89},
abstract = {Was 2018 het jaar van de serieuze aanslagen op de gebouwen van De Telegraaf en Panorama en ernstige bedreigingen van individuele journalisten, in 2019 zagen we hoe de beroepsgroep en de overheid daarop reageerden. Het initiatief ‘PersVeilig’ werd gepresenteerd, en in de strafzaken over de twee aanslagen werden verdachten opgepakt en veroordeeld. In 2019 werd \textendash helaas \textendash voor het eerst sinds lange tijd weer een journalist gegijzeld, ondanks het feit dat een jaar eerder het recht op journalistieke bronbescherming wettelijk was verankerd.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Was 2018 het jaar van de serieuze aanslagen op de gebouwen van De Telegraaf en Panorama en ernstige bedreigingen van individuele journalisten, in 2019 zagen we hoe de beroepsgroep en de overheid daarop reageerden. Het initiatief ‘PersVeilig’ werd gepresenteerd, en in de strafzaken over de twee aanslagen werden verdachten opgepakt en veroordeeld. In 2019 werd – helaas – voor het eerst sinds lange tijd weer een journalist gegijzeld, ondanks het feit dat een jaar eerder het recht op journalistieke bronbescherming wettelijk was verankerd.
Helberger, N.; Bernstein, A.; Schulz, W.; Vreese, C.H. de
Challenging rabbit holes: towards more diversity in news recommendation systems Journal Article
In: LSE Media Blog, 2020.
@article{Helberger2020e,
title = {Challenging rabbit holes: towards more diversity in news recommendation systems},
author = {Helberger, N. and Bernstein, A. and Schulz, W. and Vreese, C.H. de},
url = {https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2020/07/02/challenging-rabbit-holes-towards-more-diversity-in-news-recommendation-systems/},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-16},
journal = {LSE Media Blog},
abstract = {Access to diverse sources of news and information is more important than ever in this time of global crisis, yet far too often, people can find themselves diving into ‘rabbit holes’ of information and opinion that are hard to escape. Here, the following authors provide an in depth assessment of how algorithmic recommendation systems for news can play a more constructive role in a diverse media landscape.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Access to diverse sources of news and information is more important than ever in this time of global crisis, yet far too often, people can find themselves diving into ‘rabbit holes’ of information and opinion that are hard to escape. Here, the following authors provide an in depth assessment of how algorithmic recommendation systems for news can play a more constructive role in a diverse media landscape.
Helberger, N.
The Political Power of Platforms: How Current Attempts to Regulate Misinformation Amplify Opinion Power Journal Article
In: Digital Journalism, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 842-854, 2020.
@article{Helberger2020d,
title = {The Political Power of Platforms: How Current Attempts to Regulate Misinformation Amplify Opinion Power},
author = {Helberger, N.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1773888},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-07-14},
journal = {Digital Journalism},
volume = {8},
number = {6},
pages = {842-854},
abstract = {This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere 'intermediaries' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This contribution critically reviews the ongoing policy initiatives in Europe to impose greater societal responsibility on social media platforms. I discuss the current regulatory approach of treating social platforms as mere 'intermediaries' of the speech of others and propose a different perspective. Instead of perceiving platforms as intermediaries and facilitators of the speech of others, I view social media platforms as active political actors in their own right, and wielders of considerable opinion power. I will explain how taking the perspective of opinion power throws a very different, and rather alarming light on the recent regulatory initiatives.
van Hoboken, J.; Appelman, N.; Fahy, R.; Leerssen, P.; McGonagle, T.; van Eijk, N.; Helberger, N.
Het juridisch kader voor de verspreiding van desinformatie via internetdiensten en de regulering van politieke advertenties Technical Report
2020, (Rapport voor het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, Amsterdam, december 2019).
@techreport{vanHoboken2020b,
title = {Het juridisch kader voor de verspreiding van desinformatie via internetdiensten en de regulering van politieke advertenties},
author = {van Hoboken, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R. and Leerssen, P. and McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N. and Helberger, N.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Rapport_desinformatie_december2019.pdf
https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Kamerbrief_desinformatie.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-05-14},
abstract = {Het onderzoek, uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, analyseert het juridisch kader van toepassing op de verspreiding van desinformatie via online diensten. Het rapport biedt een uitgebreid overzicht van de relevante Europese en Nederlandse normen en doet aanbevelingen voor de verbetering van dit juridisch kader. Het onderzoek bevat daarnaast ook een analyse van het relevant wettelijke kader in de V.S., het V.K, Frankrijk, Duitsland, Canada en Zweden.
Het rapport maakt duidelijk hoe de vrijheid van meningsuiting als rode draad door het wettelijke kader loopt. Dit fundamentele recht vormt zowel de buitenste grens voor regulering als een basis voor nieuwe maatregelen, bijvoorbeeld voor de bescherming van pluralisme. Het wettelijk kader van toepassing op desinformatie blijkt zeer breed, bevat verschillende reguleringsniveaus, verschuift afhankelijk van de specifieke context en omvat vele al bestaande normen voor de regulering van specifieke typen desinformatie. Verder blijkt het toezicht op dit wettelijk kader vrij gefragmenteerd te zijn. Op basis van deze analyse komt het rapport tot aan aantal aanbevelingen. De aanbevelingen hebben onder andere betrekking op het gebruik van de term desinformatie als beleidsterm, het omgaan met de spanningen op de verschillende beleidsniveaus, de regulering van internettussenpersonen door middel van transparantie verplichtingen en de samenwerking tussen de verschillende toezichthouders.
Voorafgaand aan deze eindrapportage is in eind 2019 het interim-rapport gepubliceerd. Dit rapport focuste op de relatie tussen desinformatie en online politieke advertenties. Beide studies zijn onderdeel van het onderzoeksproject ‘Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam’ dat zich buigt over vraagstukken gerelateerd aan kunstmatige intelligentie en publieke waarden, data governance, en online platforms. },
note = {Rapport voor het ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, Amsterdam, december 2019},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Het onderzoek, uitgevoerd in opdracht van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties, analyseert het juridisch kader van toepassing op de verspreiding van desinformatie via online diensten. Het rapport biedt een uitgebreid overzicht van de relevante Europese en Nederlandse normen en doet aanbevelingen voor de verbetering van dit juridisch kader. Het onderzoek bevat daarnaast ook een analyse van het relevant wettelijke kader in de V.S., het V.K, Frankrijk, Duitsland, Canada en Zweden.
Het rapport maakt duidelijk hoe de vrijheid van meningsuiting als rode draad door het wettelijke kader loopt. Dit fundamentele recht vormt zowel de buitenste grens voor regulering als een basis voor nieuwe maatregelen, bijvoorbeeld voor de bescherming van pluralisme. Het wettelijk kader van toepassing op desinformatie blijkt zeer breed, bevat verschillende reguleringsniveaus, verschuift afhankelijk van de specifieke context en omvat vele al bestaande normen voor de regulering van specifieke typen desinformatie. Verder blijkt het toezicht op dit wettelijk kader vrij gefragmenteerd te zijn. Op basis van deze analyse komt het rapport tot aan aantal aanbevelingen. De aanbevelingen hebben onder andere betrekking op het gebruik van de term desinformatie als beleidsterm, het omgaan met de spanningen op de verschillende beleidsniveaus, de regulering van internettussenpersonen door middel van transparantie verplichtingen en de samenwerking tussen de verschillende toezichthouders.
Voorafgaand aan deze eindrapportage is in eind 2019 het interim-rapport gepubliceerd. Dit rapport focuste op de relatie tussen desinformatie en online politieke advertenties. Beide studies zijn onderdeel van het onderzoeksproject ‘Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam’ dat zich buigt over vraagstukken gerelateerd aan kunstmatige intelligentie en publieke waarden, data governance, en online platforms.
Het rapport maakt duidelijk hoe de vrijheid van meningsuiting als rode draad door het wettelijke kader loopt. Dit fundamentele recht vormt zowel de buitenste grens voor regulering als een basis voor nieuwe maatregelen, bijvoorbeeld voor de bescherming van pluralisme. Het wettelijk kader van toepassing op desinformatie blijkt zeer breed, bevat verschillende reguleringsniveaus, verschuift afhankelijk van de specifieke context en omvat vele al bestaande normen voor de regulering van specifieke typen desinformatie. Verder blijkt het toezicht op dit wettelijk kader vrij gefragmenteerd te zijn. Op basis van deze analyse komt het rapport tot aan aantal aanbevelingen. De aanbevelingen hebben onder andere betrekking op het gebruik van de term desinformatie als beleidsterm, het omgaan met de spanningen op de verschillende beleidsniveaus, de regulering van internettussenpersonen door middel van transparantie verplichtingen en de samenwerking tussen de verschillende toezichthouders.
Voorafgaand aan deze eindrapportage is in eind 2019 het interim-rapport gepubliceerd. Dit rapport focuste op de relatie tussen desinformatie en online politieke advertenties. Beide studies zijn onderdeel van het onderzoeksproject ‘Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam’ dat zich buigt over vraagstukken gerelateerd aan kunstmatige intelligentie en publieke waarden, data governance, en online platforms.
van Hoboken, J.; Appelman, N.; Fahy, R.; Leerssen, P.; McGonagle, T.; van Eijk, N.; Helberger, N.
The legal framework on the dissemination of disinformation through Internet services and the regulation of political advertising Technical Report
2020, (A report for the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Amsterdam, December 2019).
@techreport{vanHoboken2020c,
title = {The legal framework on the dissemination of disinformation through Internet services and the regulation of political advertising},
author = {van Hoboken, J. and Appelman, N. and Fahy, R. and Leerssen, P. and McGonagle, T. and van Eijk, N. and Helberger, N.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Report_Disinformation_Dec2019-1.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-05-14},
abstract = {The study, commissioned by the Dutch government, focusses on the legal framework governing the dissemination of disinformation, in particular through Internet services. The study provides an extensive overview of relevant European and Dutch legal norms relating to the spread of online disinformation, and recommendations are given on how to improve this framework. Additionally, the study includes an analysis of the relevant legal framework in 6 different countries (U.K., U.S., France, Germany, Sweden and Canada).
The report makes clear how the freedom of expression runs as a central theme through the legal framework, both forming the outer limit for possible regulation and a legal basis to create new regulation (e.g. protecting pluralism). The legal framework governing disinformation online is shown to be very broad, encompassing different levels of regulation, shifting depending on the context and already regulating many different types of disinformation. Further, oversight seems to be fragmented with many different supervisory authorities involved but limited cooperation. Based on this analysis, the report offers several recommendations, such as on the use of disinformation not as a legal term but a policy term, on negotiating the tensions on the different policy levels, on the regulation of internet intermediaries including transparency obligations and on increased cooperation between the relevant supervisory authorities.
Previously, the interim report focussing on political advertising was published in late 2019. Both these studies have been carried out in the context of the research initiative on the Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, focussing on questions related to AI and public values, data governance and online platforms.},
note = {A report for the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Amsterdam, December 2019},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
The study, commissioned by the Dutch government, focusses on the legal framework governing the dissemination of disinformation, in particular through Internet services. The study provides an extensive overview of relevant European and Dutch legal norms relating to the spread of online disinformation, and recommendations are given on how to improve this framework. Additionally, the study includes an analysis of the relevant legal framework in 6 different countries (U.K., U.S., France, Germany, Sweden and Canada).
The report makes clear how the freedom of expression runs as a central theme through the legal framework, both forming the outer limit for possible regulation and a legal basis to create new regulation (e.g. protecting pluralism). The legal framework governing disinformation online is shown to be very broad, encompassing different levels of regulation, shifting depending on the context and already regulating many different types of disinformation. Further, oversight seems to be fragmented with many different supervisory authorities involved but limited cooperation. Based on this analysis, the report offers several recommendations, such as on the use of disinformation not as a legal term but a policy term, on negotiating the tensions on the different policy levels, on the regulation of internet intermediaries including transparency obligations and on increased cooperation between the relevant supervisory authorities.
Previously, the interim report focussing on political advertising was published in late 2019. Both these studies have been carried out in the context of the research initiative on the Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, focussing on questions related to AI and public values, data governance and online platforms.
The report makes clear how the freedom of expression runs as a central theme through the legal framework, both forming the outer limit for possible regulation and a legal basis to create new regulation (e.g. protecting pluralism). The legal framework governing disinformation online is shown to be very broad, encompassing different levels of regulation, shifting depending on the context and already regulating many different types of disinformation. Further, oversight seems to be fragmented with many different supervisory authorities involved but limited cooperation. Based on this analysis, the report offers several recommendations, such as on the use of disinformation not as a legal term but a policy term, on negotiating the tensions on the different policy levels, on the regulation of internet intermediaries including transparency obligations and on increased cooperation between the relevant supervisory authorities.
Previously, the interim report focussing on political advertising was published in late 2019. Both these studies have been carried out in the context of the research initiative on the Digital Transition of Decision-Making at the Faculty of Law of the University of Amsterdam, focussing on questions related to AI and public values, data governance and online platforms.
Voorhoof, D.; McGonagle, T.
Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights Book
2020, (IRIS Themes - Volume III (5th edition), European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg).
@book{Voorhoof2020,
title = {Freedom of Expression, the Media and Journalists: Case-law of the European Court of Human Rights},
author = {Voorhoof, D. and McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://rm.coe.int/iris-themes-vol-iii-ed-2020-en-2/16809e45e7},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-05-08},
abstract = {This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first four editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017) have proved hugely successful. The new fifth edition summarises over 315 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.},
note = {IRIS Themes - Volume III (5th edition), European Audiovisual Observatory, Strasbourg},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {book}
}
This e-book provides valuable insights into the European Court of Human Rights’ extensive case-law on freedom of expression and media and journalistic freedoms. The first four editions of the e-book (2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017) have proved hugely successful. The new fifth edition summarises over 315 judgments or decisions by the Court and provides hyperlinks to the full text of each of the summarised judgments or decisions (via HUDOC, the Court's online case-law database). For an optimal navigational experience, one should download the e-book and read the technical tips on p. 3.
McGonagle, T.
Infographic: ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’ Journal Article
In: 2020.
@article{McGonagle2020e,
title = {Infographic: ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’},
author = {McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/CM-Rec20164-Infographic-version-9-April-2020.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-09},
abstract = {The infographic, ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’, visualizes and condenses the detailed information in Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 to member States on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors. The infographic also signposts, and hyperlinks to, the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other valuable Council of Europe resources, including the European Court of Human Rights’ three judgments to date which cite the Recommendation.
The infographic, which was first created in 2019, has been updated in April 2020 to mark the fourth anniversary of the adoption of Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 and the fifth anniversary of the launch of the Council of Europe Platform.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The infographic, ‘The Council of Europe and the safety of journalists’, visualizes and condenses the detailed information in Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 Committee of Ministers’ Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 to member States on the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists and other media actors. The infographic also signposts, and hyperlinks to, the Platform to promote the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other valuable Council of Europe resources, including the European Court of Human Rights’ three judgments to date which cite the Recommendation.
The infographic, which was first created in 2019, has been updated in April 2020 to mark the fourth anniversary of the adoption of Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 and the fifth anniversary of the launch of the Council of Europe Platform.
The infographic, which was first created in 2019, has been updated in April 2020 to mark the fourth anniversary of the adoption of Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 and the fifth anniversary of the launch of the Council of Europe Platform.
Bernstein, A.; Vreese, C.H. de; Helberger, N.; Schulz, W.; Zweig, K.A.
Diversity, Fairness, and Data-Driven Personalization in (News) Recommender System Journal Article
In: Dagstuhl Reports, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 117-124, 2020, (Report from Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 19482).
@article{Bernstein2020,
title = {Diversity, Fairness, and Data-Driven Personalization in (News) Recommender System},
author = {Bernstein, A. and Vreese, C.H. de and Helberger, N. and Schulz, W. and Zweig, K.A.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/dagrep_v009_i011_p117_19482.pdf},
doi = {10.4230/DagRep.9.11.117},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-04-02},
journal = {Dagstuhl Reports},
volume = {9},
number = {11},
pages = {117-124},
abstract = {As people increasingly rely on online media and recommender systems to consume information,
engage in debates and form their political opinions, the design goals of online media and news
recommenders have wide implications for the political and social processes that take place online
and offline. Current recommender systems have been observed to promote personalization and
more effective forms of informing, but also to narrow the user’s exposure to diverse content.
Concerns about echo-chambers and filter bubbles highlight the importance of design metrics that
can successfully strike a balance between accurate recommendations that respond to individual
information needs and preferences, while at the same time addressing concerns about missing out
important information, context and the broader cultural and political diversity in the news, as
well as fairness. A broader, more sophisticated vision of the future of personalized recommenders
needs to be formed\textendasha vision that can only be developed as the result of a collaborative effort by
different areas of academic research (media studies, computer science, law and legal philosophy,
communication science, political philosophy, and democratic theory). The proposed workshop
will set first steps to develop such a much needed vision on the role of recommender systems
on the democratic role of the media and define the guidelines as well as a manifesto for future
research and long-term goals for the emerging topic of fairness, diversity, and personalization in
recommender systems.},
note = {Report from Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 19482},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
As people increasingly rely on online media and recommender systems to consume information,
engage in debates and form their political opinions, the design goals of online media and news
recommenders have wide implications for the political and social processes that take place online
and offline. Current recommender systems have been observed to promote personalization and
more effective forms of informing, but also to narrow the user’s exposure to diverse content.
Concerns about echo-chambers and filter bubbles highlight the importance of design metrics that
can successfully strike a balance between accurate recommendations that respond to individual
information needs and preferences, while at the same time addressing concerns about missing out
important information, context and the broader cultural and political diversity in the news, as
well as fairness. A broader, more sophisticated vision of the future of personalized recommenders
needs to be formed–a vision that can only be developed as the result of a collaborative effort by
different areas of academic research (media studies, computer science, law and legal philosophy,
communication science, political philosophy, and democratic theory). The proposed workshop
will set first steps to develop such a much needed vision on the role of recommender systems
on the democratic role of the media and define the guidelines as well as a manifesto for future
research and long-term goals for the emerging topic of fairness, diversity, and personalization in
recommender systems.
engage in debates and form their political opinions, the design goals of online media and news
recommenders have wide implications for the political and social processes that take place online
and offline. Current recommender systems have been observed to promote personalization and
more effective forms of informing, but also to narrow the user’s exposure to diverse content.
Concerns about echo-chambers and filter bubbles highlight the importance of design metrics that
can successfully strike a balance between accurate recommendations that respond to individual
information needs and preferences, while at the same time addressing concerns about missing out
important information, context and the broader cultural and political diversity in the news, as
well as fairness. A broader, more sophisticated vision of the future of personalized recommenders
needs to be formed–a vision that can only be developed as the result of a collaborative effort by
different areas of academic research (media studies, computer science, law and legal philosophy,
communication science, political philosophy, and democratic theory). The proposed workshop
will set first steps to develop such a much needed vision on the role of recommender systems
on the democratic role of the media and define the guidelines as well as a manifesto for future
research and long-term goals for the emerging topic of fairness, diversity, and personalization in
recommender systems.
Helberger, N.; Eskens, S.; Drunen, M. van; Bastian, M.; Möller, J.
Implications of AI-driven tools in the media for freedom of expression Technical Report
2020, (Council of Europe, September 2019).
@techreport{Helberger2020,
title = {Implications of AI-driven tools in the media for freedom of expression},
author = {Helberger, N. and Eskens, S. and Drunen, M. van and Bastian, M. and M\"{o}ller, J.},
url = {https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/AI-and-Freedom-of-Expression.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-03-05},
publisher = {Council of Europe, September 2019},
abstract = {Background Paper to the Ministerial Conference "Artificial Intelligence - Intelligent Politics: Challenges and opportunities for media and democracy, Cyprus, 28-29 May 2020."},
note = {Council of Europe, September 2019},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}
Background Paper to the Ministerial Conference "Artificial Intelligence - Intelligent Politics: Challenges and opportunities for media and democracy, Cyprus, 28-29 May 2020."
McGonagle, T.
Szurovecz t. Hongarije (EHRM, nr. 15428/16) - Court underscores importance of direct news-gathering by journalists Journal Article
In: European Human Rights Cases, 2020.
@article{McGonagle2020,
title = {Szurovecz t. Hongarije (EHRM, nr. 15428/16) - Court underscores importance of direct news-gathering by journalists},
author = {McGonagle, T.},
url = {https://www.ehrc-updates.nl/commentaar/207250
https://www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/Annotatie_EHRC_2020_15428_16.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-31},
journal = {European Human Rights Cases},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hins, A.
Annotatie bij EHRM 12 november 2019 (Schweizerische Radio- und Fernsehgesellschaft e.a. Zwitserland) Journal Article
In: European Human Rights Cases - Updates, 2020.
@article{Hins2020,
title = {Annotatie bij EHRM 12 november 2019 (Schweizerische Radio- und Fernsehgesellschaft e.a. Zwitserland)},
author = {Hins, A.},
url = {https://www.ehrc-updates.nl/commentaar/207262},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-29},
journal = {European Human Rights Cases - Updates},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Fahy, R.; Voorhoof, D.
Journalist and editor’s conviction for incitement to religious hatred violated Article 10 Online
2020.
@online{Fahy2020,
title = {Journalist and editor’s conviction for incitement to religious hatred violated Article 10},
author = {Fahy, R. and Voorhoof, D.},
url = {http://www.mediareport.nl/persrecht/21012020/journalist-and-editors-conviction-for-incitement-to-religious-hatred-violated-article-10/},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-23},
journal = {Media Report},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {online}
}